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小议英语修辞中的移位修饰

【摘要】移位修饰是英语修辞中比较特殊的修辞方式,它广泛地出现在英汉两种语言中,它的运用使语言更加生动、形象,也更丰富多彩。本文主要以高级英语一二册所涉及的相关文章中所出现的移位修饰的句子为例,从移位修饰语的结构特点、主要表现形式和修辞效果等方面对移位修饰这种修辞进行了粗浅的阐述。 
  【关键词】英语修辞 移位修饰 
  一、何谓移位修饰 
  移位修饰语 (transferred epithet)也称为移就法、转移修饰法,是英语中一种特殊的修辞手段。把修饰语从它本应修饰的名词之前移到与该名词有关的词之前的写法,叫做移位修饰(丁往道,1997)。按照 A Handbook to Literature 和 A Dictionary of Literary Terms, Transferred Epithet 的定义分别为“an objective used to limit grammatically a noun which it does not logically modify, though the relation is so close that the meaning is left clear.”, “ A figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really belong.” 这一特殊的修辞形式就是在特定的语言环境中把本应用来描述甲事物性质状态、特征的形容词或短语转移用来修饰本不应被它修饰的乙事物,把本应用来描写人的修饰语转移描写本不应该它修饰的事物。 
  二、英语“移位修饰语”的结构特点 
  1.“形容词+名词”结构。这种结构属于英语“移位修饰语”最基本的结构,通常是把修饰人物属性的形容词移用过来修饰表事物名称的名词或抽象名词,达到情感转移的目的,如: 
  Hans shrugged a scornful shoulder. (W. Maugham ) “ scornful”本应用来描写“Hans”的心理状态,但这里来修饰具体事物“shoulder”。 
  But saved for what? Brutish ostracism by everyone and a few years of solitary despair. 用“Solitary”来修饰“despair”,实际上孤独的是人,而不是绝望,因此这一句应解释为:He was cruelly rejected by everyone and lived for a few years alone and in despair. ( Advanced EnglishⅡ,13, Defence for the Died) 
  Before him there were still ten weary li. “weary” 本应用来描写人很疲倦,但这里用来修饰表里程单位的“li”。 
  2.“分词+名词”结构。动词的过去分词或现在分词修饰名词,展现动态语境,如: 
  She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance (The Dream of an Hour-by Kate Chopin)。“Paralyzed” 描写人听到噩耗腿脚发软,这里修饰抽象名词“inability”。 
  Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulders as we were waiting for the court to open. (Advanced EnglishⅠ,10,John Scopes)。我们等待开庭时,达罗亲切地搂着我的肩膀小声安慰我,Reassuring 本应来修饰Darrow,但这里用来描写具体事务arm。 
  3.“名词+名词”结构。一个名词修饰另一个名词,创造间接而蕴含丰富的效果,,如: 
  Some companies may choose to stagger the opening and closing time of their offices to enable employees to avoid rush hour.( Time to Stop Excuses for Lateness- by Hari Bedi) “rush”本来表达“快”的意思,表现人们“急促、赶紧”这样的心情,而这里却修饰“交通速度很慢、很难等待的”一段时间。 
  4.“形容词(+名词)+补足语”结构。She is an easy pupil to teach. “easy”应该修饰“to teach”而不是“pupil”。 
  She is pleasant to work with. “pleasant” 应修饰“to work with”, 而不是“She”。 
  三、英语移位修饰语的主要表现形式 
  1.形容词由指人转移到指物,即从具有某种特性的人转移到与这种特性相关的物。例如: 
  The enemy fled in a blind haste. 敌人仓惶逃走。(blind 一般用来描写人和动物的眼睛,现移植于haste身上,逃命的情景神似极了。) 
  He crashed down on a protesting chair.他一屁股下去,椅子吱嘎作响,好像在提抗议似的。(Protesting 常说明人的行为,此处用来修饰具体事务chair。意为—好像在提抗议似的。)